The article deals with the science of flow. This was a term developed over 40 years ago by Professor John R. Crawford of Lafayette College (Easton, PA). This paper discussed liquids and viscoelastic foods and the fact that different textures requires different tools. The tools available in 1969 are discussed in detail. Modified tables of selected information are shown below.
Instrumentation for viscosity and consistency.
| INSTRUMENT | PRINCIPLE |
| Scott | Orifice |
| Brabender | Rotation:cup-rods |
| Corn Industries | Rotation; cup-propeller |
| Buel Funnel | Orifice |
| Brookfield | Rotation; cup-disc |
| Amidex Tube | Orifice |
| Mogul Tube | Orifice |
| .Coragum Cup | Orifice |
| Zahn Cup | Orifice |
| Blattman Pipet | Orifice |
| Dudley Pipet | Orifice |
| Saybolt | Orifice |
| Engler | Orifice |
Instrumentation for viscosity and gel strength instruments.
| INSTRUMENT | PRINCIPLE |
| Cannon-Fenske | Capillary |
| Cannon-Ubbelohde | Capillary |
| Stormer | Rotation; cup-bob |
| MacMichael | Rotation; cup-bob |
| Fann V-G | Rotation; cup-bob |
| Hoeppler | Rolling ball |
| Ultraviscoson | Vibrating reed |
| Bloom Gelometer | Plunger |
| Saare-Martens | Imbedded disc |
| Corn Industries | Imbedded disc |
| Visual | Sag |
