Uchendu, V.C. 1970 (Publ. 1971). Cultural and economic factors influencing food habit patterns in USB-Saharan Africa. International Congress of Food Science and Technology. Proceedings 3D: 160-168.

Uhrmacher, G. 1976Nov/Dec. Century III: a food odyssey. School Lunch Journal 30(10): 25.

Ulijaszek, S.J. 2002. Modernization and the diet of adults on Raotonga, the Cook Islands. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 41(3): 203-228.

Populations in the Pacific region have shown a clear rise_ in overweight and obesity across the second part of the_ twentieth century, this increase being attributed to_ economic modernization and the dietary change that has_ gone with it. This study examined the relationships_ between socioeconomic factors and dietary intakes of_ adult Cook Islanders living a largely modernized_ lifestyle on Rarotonga, the Cook Islands. A_ cross-sectional volunteer sample of 379 Cook Islanders_ aged 22 to 86 years estimated their habitual food intake_ by short food frequency questionnaire. Of the_ modernization variables examined, the number of years of_ education was most consistently associated with diet,_ male Cook Islanders with more years of education having_ a lower frequency of consumption of traditional staple_ foods than those with fewer years of education. Females_ with more years of education had an apparently higher_ frequency of alcohol consumption relative to those with_ fewer years of education. Adults born on Rarotonga ate_ fresh fish significantly less often than those born_ elsewhere in the Cook Islands, while males ate imported_ staple foods more frequently than did females. There are_ statistically significant associations between the_ frequency of consumption of a triad of traditional food_ items: coconut, fresh fish, and traditional staple_ foods, suggesting that core patterns of traditional food_ consumption remain strong and similar for both males and_ females. Subtle differences in food habits between the_ sexes, outside of the traditional core food consumption_ habits, include the regular incorporation of imported_ meat and fish in the triad of traditional food items by_ women, but not men. For the men, the frequency of_ consumption of fresh fish is negatively associated with_ the frequency of consumption of imported meat and fish,_ suggesting that the latter food category often displaces_ the consumption of fresh fish in the triad of_ traditional food items habitually eaten by them._

Ullman, James R. 1955. Tiger of the Snows: Tenzing of Everest. Putnam, New York, pp. 294.

Understanding the Disadvantaged. 1965. School of Home Economics, Univesity of Missouri, Publication #8, pp. 187.

UNICEF. 1963. Children of the Developing Countries. World Publishing Co., New York, pp. 131.

Unknown. 1920. Food and Fare in Canada. Journal of Home Economics 12: 329.

Unknown. 1918. What our forefathers cooked and ate in 1810. Journal of Home Economics 5: 157.

Unknown. 1954. “Health breads. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 30(1): 20.

Unknown. 1947. Diet therapy circa 1662. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 23(10): 853.

Unknown. 1948. American food habits. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 24(2): 90.

Unknown. 1948. Three-cent meal. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 24(2): 112.

Unknown. 1949. Menu planning for the housewife. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 25(9): 759.

Unknown. 1953. South Sea Recipes [pidgin pie, baked octopus]. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 29(7): 704.

Unknown.1948. Copper cooking vessels. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 24(3): 204.

Unknown.1948. Diet and old age. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 24(9): 826.

Unknown.1948. Diet therapy a hundred years ago. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 24(3): 299.

Unknown.1948. Food situation in India. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 24(7): 585.

Unknown.1948. British study whale as possible source of food. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 24(12): 1078.

Unknown.1948. Dietetics in Czechoslovakia. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 24(4): 303.

Unknown.1949. Cuisine on a whaling ship - 1867-68. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 25(4): 317.

Unknown.1949. Meat customs in Ancient Greece and Rome. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 25(11): 1011.

Unknown.1949. Pioneer dietitian in India. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 25(9): 763.

Unknown.1949. Recipes and food habits. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 25(3): 244.

Unknown.1949. 4000-year-old corn. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 25(6): 496.

Unknown.1949. Eating habits of children. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 25(11): 936.

Unknown.1949. Food habits of college students. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 25(9): 769.

Unknown.1950. Potential foods of Central America. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 26(5): 416.

Unknown.1950. Thanksgiving. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 26(11): 873.

Unknown.1950. Infant feeding. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 26(12): 990.

Unknown.1952. Centuries of mince pies. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 28(12): 1172.

Unknown.1952. Food preferences in Montana. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 28(3): 230.

U.S. National Commission of UNESCO. 1957. American Citizens State in Progress of Less Developed Areas of the World.

U.S. National Commission for UNESCO. 1957. Paths of Action - Toward Asian-AMerican Understanding and Cooperation.

USD. 1968, March. Proceedings: West African Conference on Nutrition and Child Feeding. Dahar, Senegal.

U.S.D.A. 1960. Yearbook of Agriculture: Power to Produce. Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. pp. 480.

U.S.D.A. 1962. Yearbook of Agriculture: After A Hundred Years. Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. pp. 688.

U.S.D.A. 1968. Yearbook of Agriculture: Science for Better Living. Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. pp. 386.

U.S.D.A. 1970. Yearbook of Agriculture: Contours of Change. Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. pp. 391.

U.S.D.A. 1965. Yearbook: Consumes all.

U.S.D.H.E.W. 1972. Practices of Low Income Families in Feeding Infants and Small Children.

U.S. D.H.E.W. 1967. Children in Day Care.

U.S. Dept. of Labor. 1965. The Negro Family.

United nations Education and Scientific and Cultural Organization. 1948-1960. The Milk Conservation Program - An Appraisal of UNICEF/FAO Assisted Milk Conservation Programs. Private Communication.

Urhmacher, G. 1976Nov/Dec. Century III: a food odyssey.__ School lunch journal 30(10)_: 25

U.S. Office of Education. 1944. A Study of Methods of Changing Food Habits of Rural Children in Dakota County Minnesota. Nutrition education Series Pamphlet No. 5

Usner, Daniel Jr. 1986. Food marketing and interethnic exchange in the 18th-century lower Mississippi valley. Food and FoodWays 1(3): 279.

Usner, Daniel H. 1992. Indians, settlers & slaves in a frontier exchange economy: the Lower Mississippi Valley before 1783. Published for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, Williamsburg, Virginia by the University of north Carolina, Chapel Hill.

Updated: Tuesday, October 13, 2009.