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Sanjr, D., A.D. Scoma. 1971. Food habits of low-income children in northern New York. Journal of Nutrition Education 2(3): 85-95.

Sanjur, Dira. ~1970. Puerto Rican Food Habits: A Socio-Cultural Approach.

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It is somewhat curious how differently the word "corn" is understood by different peoples. In the United States we generally mean by simply maize or Indian corn; but the Scotch use it as meaning oats, and to most Englishmen an "ear of corn" suggests nothing but a head of wheat, while throughout the northern part of the European continent a "cornfield" is understood almost always as a field of rye.
If we turn to our Authorized Version of the Bible we find the word "corn" used in several intersting ways. It is said that Ruth coming to Bethlehem "in the beginning of the barley harvest" asked "to go into the field and glean ears of corn." But it was "in the time of wheat harvest" that Samson burned "the standing corn of the Philistines" by typing firebrands to the foxes' tails. The humane statue of Moses "Though shalt not muzzle the ox when he treadeth out the corn" undoubtedly applies to all grain plants harvested by the Israelites. Finally, in the words of Jesus, "except a corn of wheat fall into the ground and die, it abideth alone" the meaning of corn is plainly kernel.
The dictionary tells us that the word first meant simply a hard, edible seed, grain, or kernel, and was applied especially to such kinds as were of most importance for food. From this it would be but a short step to speak of the plants which bore such kernels, as "corn plants" or "corn" in general. Then whichever of these plants was most familiar to a people naturally came to be known as "the corn" of that region, or simply as "corn" while those corn plants which were in less common use were distinguished by their separate names. Corn Plants

Sass, L.J. 1977. The preference for sweets, spices, and almond milk in Late Medieval English cuisine. Food in Perspective [pub 1981]: 253-260.

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Current and future trends regarding government's activity in the food and nutrition area and the implications of these trends for the food industry are discussed. Actions that the food industry should consider on nutrition, on product formulation, on labeling, and on advertising are proposed. The deeper trends underway now point to an institutionalization of nutrition as a matter of high government policy that might well have profound and long term effects on the nation's food supply and food habits. Specific legislation is described.

Schmidt, Lola. 1938. Current Comment: Corrective diets for college students. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 14(9): 717-718.

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Scoular, Florence, Lillian B. Foster. 1946. Food intake of college women. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 22(5): 401-403.

Scrimshaw, Nevin. 1952. Nutritional status in Central America. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 28(9): 826.

Scrimshaw, Nevin. 1953. Corn in Central America. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 29(2): 133.

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Scully, Terence. 1987. ""Aucune Science de l'Art de Cuysinerie et de Cuysine": Chiquart's Du Fait de Cuisine. Food and Foodways 2(2): 199-214.

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Schumacher. Small Is Beautiful. Harpers.

Schmid, C. et al. 1968. NonWhite Races, State of Washington.

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Scovel, Myra. 1962. The Chinese Ginger Jars. Harper Brothers, New York, pp. 189.

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Selling, Lowell S. 1942. Some psychological aspects of nutrition. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 18(11): 741-744.

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Shanahan, H., R. Saljo. 1993September. Purchases, food habits and waste management in households: exploring responses to local composting. Journal of Consumer Studies and Home Economics 17(3): 197-205.

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Sharma, S., J.K. Cruickshank. 2001December. Cultural differences in assessing dietary intake and providing relevant dietary information to British African-Caribbean populations. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 14(6): 449-456.

Shatenstein, G., P. Ghadirian, J. Lambert. 1993. Influence of the Jewish religion and Jewish dietary laws (Kashruth) on family food habits in an ultra-orthodox population in Montreal. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 31(1/2): 27-44.

Abstract: Two hundred and fifty families, comprising 1,438 individuals, from the major ultra-orthodox, fundamentalist Jewish (Hassidic) communities in Montreal, were randomly selected from community lists for a study of the influence of Judaism and its dietary laws on their food habits. Data were collected by means of self-administered, mailed questionnaires developed for this survey. Highly significant differences relating to participant group (Outremont Hassidim versus Lubavitcher Hassidim) were noted for the consumption of certain basic foodstuffs (fish, poultry, eggs, some vegetables, sources of fat, processed foods), as well as some cooking methods and miscellaneous food habits. These differences can be explained by the latter community's more heterogeneous composition, differing philosophies and wider experience of the secular world. The sabbath, fast-days and numerous holidays contributed to particular dietary habits within the Hassidic population. Examination of usual food group consumption patterns revealed eating habits which closely approximate North American healthy eating guidelines, despite possible marginal intakes of vitamin D, zinc and iron among children and pregnant women. This study has reinforced existing anecdotal impressions as to the importance of religion and the religious dietary laws in the daily life of this community.

Shaw, Mary Margaret. 1933 The basal metabolism of some American Indian Girls. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 9(2): 120-123.

Shaw, Law. 1945. Rickshaw Boy. Reynal and Hitchcock, New York, pp. 384.

Shawqi, Abdel Monem, Abdel Samie El Sharif, Aida Abdel latif, Nicola F. Ruck. 1985April. A study of food habits of mothers and children attending rural and urban health centers in Minya, Egypt. Journal of tropical pediatrics. 31(2): 112-117.

Abstract: A survey examined dietary practices of 400 Egyptian mothers, revealing that illiteracy, deliveries, and child mortality per family were higher in rural than in urban areas. The diets of urban and rural mothers were found to be similar, principally being brown wheat bread, broad beans, and strong sweet tea. A total of 90% of the children were breast-fed, and about 80% received supplementary food. Other results suggested strategies for resolving local nutritional problems.

Sheean, Vincent. 1949. Lead Kindly Light: Ghandi and a Way to Peace. Random House, pp. 374.

Sheikh, N. and J. Thomas. 1994. Factors influencing food choice among ethnic minority adolescents. Nutrition & Food Science 4: 18-22.

Sheikh, N. and J. Thomas. 1994. Factors influencing food choice among ethnic minority adolescents. Nutrition & Food Science 4: 18-22.Sheikh, N. and J. Thomas. 1994. Factors influecing food choice among ethnic minority adolescents. Nutrition & Food Science 5: 29-35.

Shenton, James P. 1971 American Cooking: The Melting Pot. New York: Tiome-Life Books.

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Shifflett, P.A. 1976Apr. folklore and food habits. Journal of American dietetic Association 68(4): 347-350.

Shipman, Pat. 1988September. What does it take to be a meat eater? Discover 9(9): 39.

Shircliffe, Arnold. 1939. Editorial: A view of American life through Old hotels and menus. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 15(1): 29-32.

Shirer, William L. 1960. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. pp. 1245.

Shotwell, Louisa R. 1961. The Harvesters: The Story of the Migrant People. Doubleday and Company, Garden City, New York, pp. 242.

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Siemens, Alfred H., Richard J. Hebda, Mario Navarrete hernandez, Dolores r. Piperno, Julie K. Stein, Manuel G. Zola Baez. 1988October 7. Evidence for cultivar and a chronology from patterned wetlands in Central Veracruz, Mexico. Science242: 105.

Abstract The patterning found in certain wetlands of lowland Mesoamerica has added an important element to the subsistence system that may be attributed to pre-Hispanic inhabitants of the region. The form of the remains, largely expressed in terms of surface vegetation, suggests agriculture on planting platforms, separated by canals. The physical and chemical aspects of the stratigraphy have clarified depositional environments but have not indicated agricultural horizons. Maize phytoliths at about 1 meter below the surface in two Central Veracruzan wetlands do confirm the practice of agriculture. Associated ceramics indicate wetlands agriculture was practiced by A.D. 500 and perhaps earlier.

Simmons, O.G. 1955. The Criollo outlook in the Mestizo culture of coastal Peru. American Anthropologist 57: 107.

Simoons, Frederick. 1980. Effects of culture: Geographical and historical approaches. International Journal of Obesity 4(4): 387-394.

Abstract: Geographical and historical factors and religious_ traditions are cultural determinants of food selection_ and food habits. Patterns of domestication of plants and_ animals, demonstrated by trends in agriculture and_ animal husbandry, represent important cultural_ influences determining diet and food use. The historic_ roles of Islam and Judaism in prohibiting the eating of_ pork, and of Hinduism in promoting dairying and banning_ beef-eating, are illustrative. Genetic changes in human_ populations may have resulted from consumption of_ particular foods. Differences in prevalence of adult_ lactose malabsorption among racial and ethnic groups_ might be associated with different patterns of milk use_ throughout history. Pastoral nomadic groups with high_ adult lactase activity have long used milk. Hunting and_ agricultural peoples who did not keep domesticated herd_ animals and thus did not use animal milk are_ characterized by low adult lactase levels and high_ prevalence of lactose malabsorption.__

Simoons, Frederick J. 1966March. The geographic approach to food prejudices. Food Technology : 274.

Simmoons, F.J. 1961. Eat Not This Flesh. Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wis.

Skye B. 1995. Traditional Cree and Iroquois Food. in JM Powers; A Stewart (eds) Our Northern Bounty: A Celebration of Canadian Cuisine. Random House

Sloan, D. (editor). 2004. Culinary Taste: Consumer Behavior in the International Restaurant Sector. Elsevbier: Butterworth-Heinmann, Oxford.

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Smith-Christopher, Daniel L. 1993. Hebrew satyagraha: The politics of Biblical fasting in the post-exilic period (Sixth to Second century B.C.E. Food and Foodways 5(3): 269.

Smith Tacos, Enchildadas and Refried Beans: The Invention of Mexican-American Food Andrew Smith

Smith, C. Earle Jr. 1965. The archeological record of cultivated crops of new world origins. Economic botany 19: 322-334.

Smith, Florence H. 1927. Teaching food selection to patients. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2(4): 216-221.

Smith, Harriet L. 1978. CAMAS The Plant That Caused Wars Smith, Smith and Smith Publishing Company 17515 S.W. Blue Heron Road, Lake Oswego, Oregon 97034

Smith, Harriet L. 1982. American indian foods and vegetables. Smith, Smith and Smith Pub. Co., Lake Oswego, OR.

Smith-Christopher, Daniel L. 1993. Hebrew Satyagraha: The politics of biblical fasting in the post-exilic period (sixth to second century B.C.E.). food and Foodways 5(3): 269.

Smith, Mary E. 1938. “The Feast of Five Tables”. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 14(9): 719-729.

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Snyder L. 1991. Barking Mutton: Ethnohistoric, Ethnographic, Archaeological, and Nutritional Evidence Pertaining to the Dog as a Native American Food. in J Purdue; B Styles (eds) Beamers, Bobwhites, and Blue-Points: Tributes to the Career of Paul W. Parmalee. University of Tennessee Department of Anthropology, pp. 359-378

Sobal Social Change and Foodways Jeffery Sobal

Solheim, W. (1986). Early Bronze in Northeastern Thailand. Current Anthropology 9, 59-62.

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Sonestedt, E., E. Wirfait, B. Gullberg, G. Berglund. 2005October. Past food habit change is related to obesity, lifestyle and socio-economic factors in the Malmo Diet and Cancer cohort. Public Health Nutrition 8(7): 876-885.

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Spencer, Sue. 1963. African Creeks I have Been Up. David McKay Company, New York, pp. 212.

Speth J. 1991. Some Unexplored Aspects of Mutualistic Plains-Pueblo Food Exchange. in a Spielmann (ed) Farmers, Hunters, and Colonists: Interaction between the Southwest and the Southern Plains. University of Arizona Press, pp. 18-35

Sponheimer, Matt and Julia A. lee-Thorp. 1999January15. Isotopic evidence for the diet of an early hominid, Australopithecus africanus. Science 283: 368.

ABSTRACT. Current consensus holds that the 3-million-year-old hominid Australopithecus africanus subsisted on fruits and leaves, much as the modern chimpanzee does. Stable carbon isotope analysis of A. africanus from Makapansgat Limeworks. South Africa, demonstrates that this early hominid ate not only fruits and leaves but also large quantities of carbon-13-enriched foods such as grasses and sedges or animals that are these plants, or both. The results suggest that early hominids regularly exploited relatively open environments such as woodlands or grasslands for food. They may also suggest that hominids consumed high-quality animal foods before the development of stone tools and the origin of the genus Homo.

Spradley J. 1969. Guest Never Leave Hungry: The Autobiography of James Sewid, a Kwakiutl Indian. Yale University Press

Spurling, D.; Krause, M.; Callaghan, N.; Huenemann, R. L. 1954. Poor Food Habits Are Everybody's Concern. Journal Of Home Economics 46:713

Sridaran, G., R.R. Kolhatkar. 1994March. Ethnic food practices of Asian Indians. Topics in clinical nutrition. 9(2): 45-48.

Abstract: Natives of East India who settle in the United States present a distinct challenge to nutrition professionals as they attempt to understand ethnic food practices of this population. These deeply ingrained food habits and distinctive styles of food preparation can be attributed to the diversity in religious traditions, geographic regions, and economic influence established in the homeland and brought with Asian Indians to the United States. These ethnic food practices and variations in life style in two cultures are discussed, and the uses of grains, legumes, dairy products, vegetables, fruits, herbs, and spices in the daily diet are explored.

Stafford, K. 2000April 9. Keeping Oregon's cultural roots alive. Forum. The Sunday Oregonian, pages C1, C2.

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Stanton, J. L. 1981May 18-20. Replication of eating patterns. Proceedings Of The Sixth National Nutrient Data Bank Conferece. Omaha, Nb. P. 41

Stakman, E.C., Richard Bradfield and Paul C. Mangelsdorf. 1967. Campaigns Against Hunger. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 328.

Steele, Betty F., Ruth E. Franklin, Vivian Lightbody Smudski, Charlotte M. Young. 1951. Use of checked seven-day records in a dietary survey. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 27(11): 957-959.

Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. 1937. Food of the ancient and modern stone age man. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 13: 102-119.

Stefansson, Wilhjalmur. 1948. Food for the Eskimo. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 24(5): 404.

Stefansson V. 1960. Food and Food Habits in Alaska and Northern Canada. in I Galdston (ed) Human Nutrition Historic and Scientific, pp. 23-60-

Steggerda, Morris, Ruth B. Eckhardt. 1941. Navajo foods and their preparation. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3): 217- 225.

Stein, Morris I. 1966. Volunteers for Peace. john Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 258.

Steinbeck, John 1939, 1964. The Grapes of Wrath. Bantam Books, New York.

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Stiebeling, H.K. 1941. The National research Council's Committee on food habits. Journal of Home Economcis 33: 541.

Stiebeling, Hazel K. 1941. "Are we well fed?". Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(5): 455-456.

Stiebeling, Hazel K. 1950. Trends in family food consumption - Implications in child feeding. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 26(4): 248-251.

Stiebeling, Hazel K. 1950. Trends in family food consumption. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 26(8): 596-598.

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Stone, D Hazelnuts and Heritage Donna Stone

Stone, James G. 1940April. Getting the most out of health education tools. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 16: 329.

Storey M; Bass MA; Wakefield LM. 1986. Food Preferences of Cherokee Teenagers in Cherokee, North Carolina. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 19:51-59

Story, M., L.M. Harris. 1989June. Food habits and dietary change of southeast Asian refugee families living in the United States. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 89(6): 800-803.

Abstract: Food habits and changes in food consumption_ patterns were assessed among 60 Southeast Asian refugee_ families (Cambodian and Hmong) living in the United_ States. With the use of a structured interview schedule,_ in-home interviews were conducted by a Hmong or a_ Cambodian bilingual staff person with the adult having_ primary responsibility for family meal preparation._ Results indicated that while food buying practices have_ changed drastically in the U.S., Southeast Asian refugee_ families have maintained strong ties to their native_ foods and traditional diets. In the U.S., as in_ Southeast Asia, rice remains the staple food in their_ diet. High status foods in Cambodia and Laos, such as_ fruits, meats, and soft drinks, remain highly preferred_ foods in the U.S. and are consumed frequently. Although_ most adults prefer eating their native foods, their_ children prefer both American and native foods. Thirty_ percent of the adolescents in the home had major responsibility for evening meal preparation.

Story, M. and L. Harris. 1988. Food preferences, beliefs, and practices of Southeast Asian refugee adolescents. The Journal of School Health. 58(7): 273-276.

Story, Mary, Mary ann Bass, Lucille M. Waskefield. 1985August. use of traditional Indian foods by Cherokee youths in Cherokee, North Carolina. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 85: 975.Story, Mary and Linda J. Harris. 1989. Food habits and dietary change of Southeast Asian refugee families living in the United States. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 89(6): 800.

Stowers, S.L. 1992March. Development of a culturally appropriate food guide for pregnant Caribbean immigrants in the United States.

Abstract: Communities with large Caribbean immigrant populations in_ Boston, Mass, have alarmingly high rates of both infant_ mortality and low-birth-weight infants. Although the_ federally funded Special Supplemental Food Program for_ Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) has been shown to_ increase infant birth weight and reduce fetal mortality,_ observations made in this study show that pregnant_ Caribbean immigrants who enrolled in WIC did not receive_ comprehensive, culturally appropriate nutrition_ counseling. Public health nutritionists and other health_ care providers used the Basic Four food group model as_ the basis for their dietary recommendations. The Basic_ Four model, however, is culturally biased and does not_ accommodate the food habits of the Caribbean immigrant._ Furthermore, it does not adequately address the needs of_ pregnant women who are either lactose malabsorbers or_ vegetarians. Using ethnographic and nutrition science_ research methods, two culturally appropriate food guides_ were developed to accommodate the food practices of_ pregnant women from Haiti and the English-speaking_ Caribbean. The guides group foods into three categories:_ growth, protection, and energy. The guides not only_ include cultural foods but allow for the Recommended_ Dietary Allowance (RDA) for calcium to be met by_ nondairy sources and the RDA for protein to be met by_ vegetable sources. This study suggests that the Basic_ Four system is an inadequate model for Caribbean_ immigrants and that it is possible and necessary to_ construct culturally appropriate food guides that meet_ the US RDAs._

Strange, N. 1998. 'Perform, Educate, Entertain: Ingredients of the Cookery Programme Genre'., in C. Geraghty and D. Lusted (editors) The Television Studies Book. Edward Arnold, London.

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Summary The Vasco-cantabrian region of Spain is one of the few areas of the world where a large sample of archeological sites has yielded a detailed record of the changes in the human condition in the period spanning Neanderthal times from about 125,000 years ago until the adoption of food production, less than 6000 years ago in this area. During this time, human adaptations underwent a series of crucial transformations involving profound changes in cultural systems and perhaps also in aspects of the biological basis for culture.

Strauss, K.F.; Mokdad, A.; Ballew, C.; Mendlein, J.M.; Will, J.C.; Goldberg, H.I.; White, L.; Serdula, M.K. 1997Oct. The health of Navajo women: findings from the Navajo Health and Nutrition Survey, 1991-1992. J-nutr. 127 (10S):2128S-2133S.

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