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REPRINTS, COPIES
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- http://biotech.tec.nh.us/BT210/Intro1.html
- A Short History of Biotechnology
- http://www.agbiotechnet.com
- AgBioTech is the onservice for agricultural biotechnology. Delivers an exciting range of content on plant and animal biotechnology. It provides easy access to information on cloning, genomics, genetic engineering, in vitro culture, biosafety, intellectual property rights and all key issues in agricultural biotechnology.
- http://www.usda.gov/agencies/biotech/
- Agricultural Biotechnology is the USDA web site on this topic. Has many links, pages, and information.
- http://www.ers.usda.gov/data/AgBiotechIP/
- Agricultural Biotechnology Intellectual Property of the Economic Research Service, USDA has a database that identifies and describes U.S. utility patents on inventions in biotechnology and other biological processesówith issue dates between 1976 and 2000óthat are used in food and agriculture. The database also provides information about the ownership of these patents, whether patents are held in the public or private sector, and changes in patent ownership due to firm mergers, acquisitions, and spinoffs.
- http://www.biodiversityeconomics.org/
- the Biodiversity Economics Library is to encourage people to conserve the integrity of nature.
- http://nucleus.cshl.edu/leadingstrand/
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory has archives of the Biology of DNA.
- http://www.biol.unt.edu/developmentalphysiology/
- is a "community" web site is by and for developmental physiologists and developmental physiology students studying the ontogeny of physiological processes at the molecular through organismal levels. Includes information, employment information, researcher database and other information.
- http://www.hkdapengtechnology.com/
- Dapeng Biotechnology Company is a biotechnology company.
- http://genome.cornell.edu/index.html
- Demeter's Genomesis dedicated to the world's harvest and its enhancement through crop genomics research. Demeter's Genomes is primarily a site for communication of Plant Genome data among scientists worldwide. The medium is a set of genomevdatabases, similar to the ones for Human genome mapping and sequencing. They include data about: plant genes, chromosome maps, DNA fingerprints, beneficial traits, and crop varieties that possess those traits.
- http://www.divbio.com/
- Diversified Biotech has a variety of products related to biotechnology.
- http://www.dna.com
- Genaissance Pharmaceuticals describes the links between genetics and disease, diagnosis and treatment of disease, and wellness. DNA Sciences will accomplish this by involving ordinary people in a genetic research effort of extraordinary scope. The DNA Sciences' Gene Trust project has the potential to lead to more precise diagnosis, more-effective use of existing therapies, and accelerated development of new diagnostic products and therapies.
- http://www.fao.org/biotech/forum.htm
- Electronic Forum on Biotechnology in Food and Agriculture has a discussion from animal cloning to terminator technology. Includes a glossary.
- http://www.ergito.com/
- ERGITO has texts, commentary and analysis on human genome, molecular biology, great experiments by scientists. Expected additions genetics and cell biology.
- http://www.bio.org/food&ag/foodagnews.html
- Food & Agriculture has information regarding foods and food-related research. Site at this time has information biotechnology.
- http://www.gene-chips.com
- Genome-Chips is a nuts-and-bolts description and links regarding genes and biotechnology.
- http://cgap.nci.nih.gov/SAGE
- Cancer Genome Anatomy Project discusses the SAGE Genie. Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) is a method to efficiently count large numbers of mRNA transcripts by sequencing short tags, usually 10 bp in length. SAGE Genie (Boon et al. PNAS in press) uses a new analytical method of reliably matching SAGE tags to known genes. Based on this novel tag to gene mapping, the website visualizes human gene expression analysis in tissues or individual libraries using displays that are highly intuitive.
- http://slam.bs.jhmi.edu/gd/
- Gene Design allows users to key in a protein sequence, and GeneDesign specifies a DNA blueprint that researchers can synthesize themselves or order from a company. GeneDesign let users customize their creations for a particular vector-a DNA snippet that ferries the sequence into cells - and for the organism they are studying.
- http://bite-it.helsinki.fi/
- Gene expression in tooth is a database from the University of Helsinki in Finland. The site houses qualitative data pulled from the literature on gene activity during tooth development.
- http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/
- Genetic Science Learning Center has a range of iinformation and animations regarding the basics and beyond.
- http://www.cmbi.ru.nl/GeneSeeker/
- The GeneSeeker helps narrow the list of potential culprits in gene problems. The search engine combs 10 databases that contain information on gene location, activity, and effects including Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Swiss-Prot, and the Mouse Genome Database.
- http://www.humgen.umontreal.ca
- Human Gen Policies This module provides access to various bodies that are involved in policy making on the ethical, legal and social issues raised by human genetic research. Where available, direct HTML links to the organization will be provided. Users will be able to access the many governmental organizations and NGO's who have been consulted during the search. This is a unique resource of more than 300 organizations throughout the world formulating policy statements.
- http://history.nih.gov/exhibits/genetics/
- Human Genetics and Medical Research Revolution in Progress has images, text, transcription and/or recordings explaining how genetics is transforming medicine.
- http://www.incyte.com/control/home
- Incyte Genomics the nation's leading bioinformatics company, offers you access to the world's largest and most comprehensive database of genomic information available online. With its integrated software solutions and extensive product offerings, Incyte gives you the tools you need to accelerate your research and achieve your breakthrough.
- http://ific.org/proactive/newsroom/release.vtml?id=18024
- International Food Information Council Foundation has the biotechnology myth that modern biotechnology is inherently different from conventional breeding and poses greater risks.
- http://pubs.acs.org/journals/tcwoe7/index.html
- Lesney, Mark S. 2004November. Farming for Pharmaceuticals Today's Chemist. Genetically modified crops promise a ìcorn-o-pharmacopoeia.î
- http://www.lifesciences.umich.edu/index.html
- Life Sciences at Michigan has a technical, ethical and emotional dialogue over stem cell research can be confusing and even contradictory at times. Yet the science is racing forward at the University of Michigan and around the world. Learning more about all kinds of stem cell research will help everyone make better choices.
- http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/methodslist.html#meth2
- List of Methods Pages for Genomics is a primer for Methods for Genomics. Explains methods used. Is a learning tool. Has both genomic medicine methods, genomic Sequence methods, and other methods.
- http://www.greenpeaceusa.org/media/factsheets/mythtext.htm
- Media Center has myths with this once emphasizing the myth that genetic engineering is merely an extension of traditional breeding.
- http://ariel.ucs.unimelb.edu.au:80/~cotton/glsdb.htm
- Mutation Databases and Related Sites has addresses to specific databases.
- http://usbiotechreg.nbii.gov/
- NBII, national Biolgical Information Infrastructure, has a coordinated, risk-based system to ensure new biotechnology products are safe for the environment and human and animal health.ÝEstablished as a formal policy in 1986, the Coordinated Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology describes the Federal system for evaluating products developed using modern biotechnology.ÝÝ The Coordinated Framework is based upon health and safety laws developed to address specific product classes.Ý The U.S. Government has written new regulations, policies and guidance to implement these laws for biotechnology as products developed.Ý This framework has allowed the United States to build upon agency experience with organisms and products developed using conventional techniques.
- http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/
- Origins from the Exploratium is a discussion of the biology of DNA.
- http://www.phenomicDB.de/
- PhenomicDB is a new tool to help researchers determine how genes contribute to an organism's phenotype, or physical and behavioral characteristics. PhenomicDB makes it easier to determine which genes trigger similar outcomes in a different organisms and to compare the impact of related genes across species.
- http://plasmoDB.org/
- PlasmoDB features data from the Malaria Genome Project and is a powerful collection of tools for mining data and new insights into this leading enemy of public health.
- http://www.restrictionmapper.org/
- Restriction Mapper is a program that tells you which enzymes will snip the DNA strand and where, and then it supplies the sequences of the fragments. It has links to other free molecular biology software, including programs for sequence alignment and gene annotation.
- http://watcut.uwaterloo.ca/watcut/watcut/template.php
- WatCut is an on-line tool for restriction analysis, silent mutation analysis, and SNP analysis
What is a GM organism?
A GM organism is transgenic -earing a gene from a different species - or it overexpresses or underexpresses one of its own genes. Crops have been genetically modified to:
Resist frost, drought, high salinity, herbicides, and pathogens.
Produce more of the edible part of the plant.
Produce or increase levels of nutrients absent, scarce or in inedible parts of the plant.
Produce proteins that are toxic to insects.
Yield products not usually found in plants, such as vaccines.
Retard aging, such as ripening.
Ease harvesting.
Contribute less phosphorus to animal feces, making groundwater contamination less likely to spur algal blooms.
Remove heavy metals from soil.
Lewis, R. and B.A. Palevitz. 1999October 11. What is a GM organism? The Scientist 13(20): 9. |
Ferber, D. 2000February 25. New corn plant draws fire from GM food opponents. Science 287: 1390.
Gura, T. 2000January 21. Reaping the plant gene harvest. Science 287: 413.
| Excerpts from article: Projects aimed at sequencing the genomes of major crop plants, including rice, are also beginning to bear fruit. But as these efforts pack DNA databases with a bumper crop of sequences, scientists are facing a mind-boggling challenge: how to figure out what all the new plant genes they are discovering actually do.
| Name of Method | What It Is | How It Is Used |
| BLAST searching | Computer scanning of DNA databases | Assigns gene function based on similarity to known genes |
| Synteny | Compares chromosomal gene maps from different species | Assigns gene function based on similarities in sequence and location. |
| Chimeraplasty | Inserts DNA/RNA hybrids into cells | Generates specific gene mutations |
| TUSC(Trait Utility System for Corn) | Inserts DNA that jumps into genes | Generates wholesale mutations in maize. |
| Activation tagging | Inserts DNA enhancers via a plant cell-infecting bacterium | Generates wholesale mutations in plants |
| RNA silencing/Gene overexpression | Infects tobacco plants with genetically altered TMV | Turns tobacco genes either on or off |
| Microarray analysis | DNA snippets on chips | Tracks gene activity |
| Proteomics | Two-dimensional gels of protein expression | Tracks protein expression by cells |
| Metanomics | Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry profiles | Tracks metabolite expression by cells |
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Hartman, J.L. IV., B. Garvik, L. Hartwell. 2001February 9. Principles for the buffering of genetic variation. Science 291: 1001.
Most genetic research has used inbread organisms and has not explored the complexity of natural genetic variation present in outbread populations. The translation of genotype to phenotype is complicated by gene interactions observed as epistasis, canalization, robustness, or buffering. Analysis of double mutations in inbred experimental organisms suggests some principles for gene interaction that may apply to natural variation as well. The buffering of variation in one gene is most often due to a small number of other genes that function in the same biochemical process. However buffering can also result from genes functioning in processes extrinsic to that of the primary gene.
Haslberger, A.G. 2000January21. Monitoring and labeling for genetically modified products. Science 287: 431.
Following is a copy of the flow chart for notification within the European Regulations and Amendments. It indicates the status of the European Union on modified products.
Flow Chart for Notification
Kaiser, Jocelyn. 2001April 6. Words (and Axes) fly over transgenic trees. Science 292: 34.
Mann, Charles C. 2000February 4. Consumer power hearlds hard times for researchers. Science 287: 790.
Excerpts from article: Since the European public became concerned about transgenic food, researchers have been hit by the fallout: reduced funding from governments and industry.
Millman,J. 2000, October 16. Corn products are recalled by U.S. units of Gruma SA. Wall Street Journal :A25.
Lewis, Ricki and B.A. Palevitz. 1999October 11. Science vs P.R. GM Crops Face Heat of Debate. The Scientist 13(20): 1, 8, 9. Additional citation information at http://www.the-scientist.com
Martinez-Soriano, J.P.R. and D. S. Leal-Klevezas. 2000February 25. Transgenic maize in Mexico: no need for concern. Science 287: 1399.
Moffat, A.S. 1998November 27. Improving gene trasfer into livestock. Science 282: 1619.
Normile, D. 2000August 25. Asia gets a taste of genetic food fights.
Field trials and crops in development were discussed in China (rice, soybeans, potatoes, corn, cotton), Japan (rice, tomato, melon, broccoli, cucumber), India (rapeseed, cabbage, cotton), Thailand (tomato, cotton, corn, papaya, chili pepper), and the Philippines (corn, rice, cotton).
Palevitz, B.A. and Lewis, R. 1999October 11. In Bt Football, It's Cornell vs Cornell. The Scientist 13(20): 8. Additional citation information at http://www.the-scientist.com
Palevitz, B.A. and Lewis, R. 1999October 11. Fears or Facts? A Viewpoint on GM Crops. The Scientist 13(20): 10. Additional citation information at http://www.the-scientist.com
Power, J.F. and R.F. Follett. 1987March. Monoculture. Scienctific American256(3): 79.
Wolfenbarger, L.L. and P.R. Phifer. 2000December 15. The ecological risks and benefits of genetically engineered plants. Science 290: 2088.
Abstract Excerpt Discussions of the environmental riask and benefits of adopting genetically engineered organisms are highly polarized between pro- and anti-biotechnology groups, but the current state of our knowledge is frequently overlooked in this debate. A review of existing scientific literature reveals that key experiments on both the environmental risks and benefits are lacking. The complexity of ecological systems presents considerable challenges for experiments to assess the risks and benefits and inevitable uncertainties of genetically engineered plants. Collectively, existing studies emphasize that these can vary spatially, temporally, and according to the trait and cultivar modified.
http://ianrpubs.unl.edu/foods/nf591.htmWhat is Genetic Engineering and How Does It Work? defines genetic engineering, and DNA with diagrams and descriptions.
Updated: Sunday, March 30, 2008. |